Pakistan is one of the few countries in the world that possesses medium to long-range air defense missiles and has anti-missile capabilities. Currently, the advanced medium to long-range air defense systems owned by Pakistan are mainly LY-80 and FD-2000, all from East Big (referring to a company). Among them, LY-80 (Falcon-80) is the export version of HQ-16A. The Pakistani side stated that a set of LY-80 air defense system can defend an area of nearly 8,000 square kilometers. Unlike Russia's "Buk" missile, LY-80 is more suitable for long-term combat readiness at fixed locations. Due to the difference in design philosophy, LY-80 does not have the need to accompany tanks and armored vehicles. The Pakistani media said that the LY-80 obtained by Pakistan has been specially enhanced in intercepting low-detectability low-altitude targets. This system can strike aerial targets within a flight height range of 15 meters to 18 kilometers: for cruise missiles flying at 50-meter altitude and 300 meters per second speed, the single-shot kill probability is 0.6; when targeting MiG-21 type targets flying at the same speed at heights of 3-7 kilometers, the kill probability can reach 0.85. The improved LY-80EV (HQ-16B) increases the maximum interception distance for subsonic targets between altitudes of 7-12 kilometers to 70 kilometers. LY-80 has the capability to counter tactical ballistic missiles, with an anti-missile kill zone of approximately 15 kilometers. In 2017, Pakistan received its first batch of LY-80, and in 2019, it conducted test launches at the Karachi firing range, hitting all target drones. It then entered combat readiness. In 2021, Pakistan began receiving the improved LY-80EV. (Figures 1-4 show LY-80) Pakistan has long lacked a long-range air defense system with a range exceeding 100 kilometers. Due to other manufacturers being reluctant to cooperate out of fear of India, only East Big was willing to help Islamabad. In 2021, Pakistan held a ceremony for the induction of the FD-2000 (export version of HQ-9) long-range air defense system at an air defense base in Karachi. The Pakistani media believes that FD-2000 is not a simple copy of Russia's S-300, even though East Big is very familiar with the S-300. Although FD-2000 partially borrows design elements from Russian air defense systems, its multi-function radar HT-233 bears similarities to the AN/MPQ-53 radar of the US-made "Patriot" air defense system. In short, this product absorbs some technical features from both Russian and American long-range air defense systems during its design. The HT-233 fire control radar can simultaneously track 100 targets and guide 12 missiles (two per target) to attack six of the most threatening targets. The early version of FD-2000 uses command guidance plus semi-active radar homing mode, sending correction instructions to the missile through a two-way data link. This guidance method is the same as that used by the Russian 5V55R air defense missile (ammunition配套for S-300PMU). The early version of HQ-9 used a missile weighing 1,300 kilograms with a warhead of 180 kilograms and a maximum speed of 4.2 Mach. The improved HQ-9B has a maximum range exceeding 200 kilometers, while the FD-2000 exported to Pakistan has a range of 125 kilometers and a maximum interception altitude of 25 kilometers. This system can intercept ballistic missiles within a range of 25 kilometers, unfolding from a march state in about 6 minutes, with a response time of 12-15 seconds. (Figures 5-7) Indian media believe that East Big intends to significantly enhance the operational capabilities of Pakistan's air force and air defense forces. Although long-range air defense systems are expensive, Pakistan will definitely receive significant discounts and credit support, and in the future, Pakistan will obtain more aircraft and air defense systems. Pakistan is also making great efforts to modernize its air defense systems, establishing local production of some air defense components. Upgrades have been made to the French-made "Roland," and the Italian "Sparta" 2000 air defense systems in its inventory. The main technical assistance also comes largely from East Big, where East Big's FM-90 (Flying Midge-90) has basically replaced the French Roland. The outdated HQ-2 has been completely retired and replaced by LY-80 and FD-2000, with the HQ-2 being converted into target drones and short-range ballistic missiles. (Figures 7-8 show FM-90, Figures 10-12 show the Italian "Sparta 2000" air defense system) Original source: https://www.toutiao.com/article/1831971259293706/ Disclaimer: The article represents the views of the author.